货币金融学7版本英文课程--2-大学课程20.pptVIP

Chapter 2 An Overview of the Financial System Function of Financial Markets 1. Allows transfers of funds from person or business without investment opportunities to one who has them 2. Improves economic efficiency Classifications of Financial Markets 1. Debt Markets Short-term (maturity 1 year) Money Market Long-term (maturity 1 year) Capital Market 2. Equity Markets Common stocks 1. Primary Market New security issues sold to initial buyers 2. Secondary Market Securities previously issued are bought and sold 1. Exchanges Trades conducted in central locations (e.g., Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange) 2. Over-the-Counter Markets Dealers at different locations buy and sell Internationalization of Financial Markets International Bond Market 1. Foreign bonds 2. Eurobonds Now larger than U.S. corporate bond market World Stock Markets U.S. stock markets are no longer always the largest: Japan sometimes larger Function of Financial Intermediaries Financial Intermediaries 1. Engage in process of indirect finance 2. More important source of finance than securities markets 3. Needed because of transactions costs and asymmetric information Transactions Costs 1. Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs 2. Reduce transactions costs by developing expertise and taking advantage of economies of scale Function of Financial Intermediaries Risk Sharing 1. Create and sell assets with low risk characteristics and then use the funds to buy assets with more risk (also called asset transformation). 2. Also lower risk by helping people to diversify portfolios Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection,and Moral Hazard Adverse Selection 1. Before transaction occurs 2. Potential borrowers most likely to produce adverse outcomes are ones most likely to seek loans and be selected Moral Hazard 1. After transaction occurs 2. Hazard that borrower has incentives to engage in undesirable (immoral) activities making it more likely that won’t