Endocrine-System内分泌系统Diabetes糖尿病英文.ppt

Diabetes Mellitus diabetes mellitus,or simply diabetes,is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar,either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin ,or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced there are 3 main types of DM Type 1 DM Type 2 DM Gestational diabetes The most common form of diabetes----Type 2 DM Nearly 95% belongs to type 2 DM,it often associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes e.t.c. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas is usually producing enough insulin, but for unknown reasons the body cannot use the insulin effectively, a condition called insulin resistance. After several years, insulin production decreases. So thus glucose builds up in the blood and the body can not make efficient use of its main source of fuel. 胰岛素抵抗/耐受 Classical manifestations of diabetes Polyuria（多尿） – increased urination Polydispia（多饮） – increased thirst, which occurs as a result of excess loss of fluid associated with osmotic diuresis. Polyphagia（多食） – increased appetite which results from the catabolic state induced by insulin deficiency Lose weight（体重下降） If the diabetes mellitus can not be controlled well,it can cause complications,and it cannot be cured. Risk factors for diabetes Obesity/overweight Family history of diabetes Having high blood pressure Occupational physical activity Too much sweet food intake Overstress Infection Hyperlipemia And so on The Major Complications of Diabetes Retin/o 视网膜 糖尿病足 Nephr/o Rena- 肾的 The Measurement of Plasma Glucose Fasting plasma glucose (FPG): measurement after an 8-12h fast. Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT): 2h after ingestion of a concentrated glucose solution. OGTT is more sensitive for Dx DM and impaired tolerance but is more expansive and less convenient and reproducible than FPG. It is rarely used routinely, except for Dx of gestational DM. HbA1c : testing for glycosylated hemoglobin. HbA1c levels reflect glucose co