疲劳与断裂5PPT幻灯片.pptVIP

第五章 断裂失效与断裂控制设计; 20世纪50年代，美国北极星导弹固体燃料发动机壳体发射时断裂。材料为高强度钢，屈服强度?s=1400MPa，工作应力??900MPa。;低应力断裂： 在静强度足够的情况下发生的断裂。;剩余强度: 受裂纹影响降低后的强度。;4. 临界裂纹尺寸如何确定？ 结构中可以允许多大的初始裂纹？ 有裂纹的构件扩展到发生破坏的少剩余寿命？;Fracture is a problem that society has faced for as long as there have been man-made structures. The problem may actually be worse today than in previous centuries, because more can go wrong in our complex technological society.;Fortunately, advances in the field of fracture mechanics have helped to offset some of the potential dangers. Our understanding of how material fail and our ability to prevent such failures has increased considerably since World War II. Much remains to be learned, however, and existing knowledge of fracture mechanics is not always applied when appropriate. ;5.2 裂纹尖端的应力强度因子; 要使裂纹扩展，必须?0。 即只有拉应力才能引起裂纹的张开型扩展。;用弹性力学方法得到裂纹尖端附近任一点(r,?)处的正应力?x、?y和剪应力?xy为：;断裂力学关心的是裂纹尖端附近的应力场。;K反映了裂尖应力场的强弱；足标1表示是1型。 ?ij越大，K越大；裂纹尺寸a越大，K越大。 K的量纲为[应力][长度]1/2，常用MPa 。;Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is based on the application of the theory of elasticity to bodies containing cracks or defects. The assumptions used in elasticity are also inherent in the theory of LEFM: namely, small distributions and general linearity between stress and strain. ;The general form of the LEFM equations is given as follows: As seen a singularity exists such that as r, the distance from the crack tip, tends toward zero, the stress go to infinity. ;Since materials plastically deform as yield stress is exceeded, a plastic zone will form near the crack tip. The basis of LEFM remains valid, though, if this region of plasticity remains small in relation to overall dimensions of crack and cracked body.;5.3 控制断裂的基本因素;f是裂纹尺寸a和构件几何(如W)的函数，查手册； K1C是断裂韧性(材料抗断指标)，由试验确定。;1) 已知?、a，算K，选择材料，保证不发生断裂； 2) 已知a、材料的K1c，确定允许使用的工作应力?； 3) 已知?、K1c，确定允许存在的最大裂纹尺寸a。;解：1）不考虑缺陷，按传统强度设计考虑。 选用二种材料时的安全系数分别为： 材料1： n? 1=?ys1/?=1800/1000=1.8 材料2： n? 2=?ys2/?=1400/1000=