四大航线-英文版.pptVIP

The shipping industry’s response was to unitize’ the transport system, applying the same technology which had been applied successfully on the production lines in manufacturing industry. Work was standardized, allowing investment to increase productivity. Since cargo handling was the main bottleneck, the key was to pack the cargo into internationally accepted standard units which could be handled quickly and cheaply with specially designed equipment. At the outset many systems of unitization were examined, but the two main contenders were pallets and containers. Pallets are flat trays, suitable for handling by fork-lift truck, on which single or multiple units can be packed for easy handling. Liner companies They have to decide which services to operate, which ships to use and whether to buy their own ships, charter them in, or just buy space on another service. They must also market their services, negotiate service contracts and undertake all the administration involved in the provision of services and the invoicing and accounting. * Types of liners Conference liners Freight rate quoted by shipping conference Stable freight rates Regular services Non-conference liners Freight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators Less dependable service High flexibility Liner Company Departments A Customer Service Marketing department Marketing Sales/Customer Services Advertising ? Pricing department Pricing Rates Conference ? Documentation department B/L, etc Manifest Customs Records Accounting department? Invoicing Payable/Receivables Technical Design ? Marine Engineering Maine Operation ? Maintenance and Repair ? Crewing Operations Marine Operations department: Scheduling Liaison – V/L, shore Chartering Port Operations, Stow plans Bunkering Feeder control Agency Inter-port co-ordination? Equipment Control department: Monitor/track containers ?etc Insurance department: Hull claims Cargo claims Protection and Indemnity V/L, equipment, building in