工业核仪器的辐射安全与防护-清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院办公.ppt

* No area warning signs visible * Note the apparent lack of area warning signs and, although not obviously accessible, the gaps between the pipe and the source and detector housings. * The crushed moisture/density gauge was being used on a dam construction site. With the terrain contours, the gauge was not visible to the compactor operator until it was too late. The Cs 137 source rod was bent but the source intact, as was the Am 241 source in the body of the gauge. The operators were instructed to ensure that all workers were made aware of the use of gauges on site and to use flags on long poles to mark the measurement site. Discuss briefly that equipment design standards play a major role in limiting accidents that may cause serious harm. Highlight that poor operational procedures and safety programs are probably the major contributor to accidents involving industrial radiography equipment. Discuss briefly the incident involving the gamma projector in the slide. The gamma projector came from a industrial radiography practice that experienced a severe fire. Despite the whole building being destroyed by the fire, the container remained intact and did not loose any shielding. It can no longer be used for radiography. ? 适用于： ①该源在正常与事故情况下所致的个人剂量与集体剂 量都很小； ②没有合理的控制方法能使个人剂量及集体剂量明显 地减少。 （十）排除和豁免 排除—：天然源； 豁免—：人工源。 有些源是基本上无法控制的，例如地面宇宙射线与体内40K，最好的办法是把它们排除在法规文件的范围以外，因此“排除”把所有“本质上不可控制的”照射留在管理体系之外，而“豁免”是对那些只产生微小剂量而不值得管理的实践或源免于管理。“豁免”必须得到审管部门确认和同意。 ?要符合下列条件之一者： （1）符合国家标准中所规定的豁免要求； （2）符合国家标准中所规定的豁免准则所确定的豁免水平。 ?但必须经过审管部门确认和同意，则该辐射源或利用该辐射源的实践可以被豁免。 认可豁免的密封源： 在距源的任何可达表面0.1 m 处剂量率≤1 ?Sv h-1；或对任何公众成员所受的有效剂量 ≤ 10 ?Sv a-1 。（GB18871-2002附录A） 豁 免 （一）射线作业工作人员的辐射安全与防护 ①射线作业时，至少有2名操作人员同时在场，职责要分工明确，仪器操作、安全监护均不得少于2之。每名操作人员应配备一台个人剂量报警仪和个人剂量计，防止开机情况下误入探伤室。 ②个人剂量计应由有资质的检测部门进行发放、测量、登记。外照射个人剂量监测周期一般为30天，最长不应超过90天，并建立个人剂量档案。 五、加强辐射管理 ③射线工作人员须参加辐射安全与防护培训，以及必要的法律法则教育，并考核合格；进行相应的技术培训；还应定期进行复训，以建立良好的核安全文化。 ④射线工作人员上岗前，必须在有资质的医院进行职业健康检查，符合放射工作人员健康标准的方可从事探伤工作。上岗后每隔2年复查。必要时开增加临时性检查。离岗时，必须