超快光学非线性光学.pptVIP

* * Isig Dk More of the ubiquitous sinc2(DkL/2) To maximize the irradiance, we must try to set Dk = 0. This is phase-matching. Dk Esig The field strength: The irradiance (intensity): Phase-matching = Conservation laws for photons in nonlinear optics Adding the frequencies: is the same as energy conservation if we multiply both sides by ?: wsig So phase-matching is equivalent to conservation of energy and momentum! Adding the k’s conserves momentum: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nonlinear Optics Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur? Maxwells equations in a medium Nonlinear-optical media Second-harmonic generation Sum- and difference-frequency generation Higher-order nonlinear optics The Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation Phase-matching and Conservation laws for photons Nonlinear optics isn’t something you see everyday. Sending infrared light into a crystal yielded this display of green light (second-harmonic generation, SHG): Nonlinear optics allows us to change the color of a light beam, to change its shape in space and time, and to create ultrashort laser pulses. Why dont we see nonlinear optical effects in our daily life? 1. Intensities of daily life are too weak. 2. Normal light sources are incoherent. 3. The occasional crystal we see has the wrong symmetry (for SHG). 4. Phase-matching is required, and it doesnt usually happen on its own. Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur? Recall that, in normal linear optics, a light wave acts on a molecule, which vibrates and then emits its own light wave, which interferes with the original light wave. We can also imagine this process in terms of the molecular energy levels, using arrows for the photon energies: Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur? (continued) Now, suppose the irradiance is high enough that many molecules are excited to the higher-energy state. This state can then act as the lower level for additional excitation. This yields vibrations at all freq