地球科学概论讲义.ppt

? 1.1.4????????? Geologic process and its energy（地质作用及其能） Geologic process is any natural process that causes the change in composition, morphology and other aspects of the Earth. 地质作用包罗万象，大到火山喷发（内力），小到细菌繁殖、蚂蚁掘洞，当然还有人类活动（外力）。 Geologic process can be divided into a. Endogenic geologic processes (internal processes) （内力地质作用）: Mainly happen inside the solid Earth. Major Energy that drives the processes comes from the Earth’s internal heat. For example, volcanic eruption, earthquake, metamorphism are all endogenic processes. b. Exogenic geologic processes (external processes) （外力地质作用）: Happen outside the solid Earth, mainly at the Earth’s surface. The main energy comes from the Sun’s heat. The examples are: weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation etc. There are some auxiliary energies（辅助能）: gravity, rotation force, gravitation from the Sun and the Moon etc.（重力、自转力、日月引力等） ? Key points for Chapter 1 本章要点 Earth Sciences and some branches. (geology, geography, biology, and meteorology etc.) Definition of geology. (Geo-, -logy) Objectives of geology. (Get something good, prevent something bad. Material, foreknowledge of danger, protect environment…) Methods of geology. (Nature—best laboratory, depending on basic scientific discipline, principle of actualism) Geologic process and its energy (any process, endogenic: inside the solid Earth, internal heat; exogenic: outside the solid Earth, Sun’s heat: Auxiliary energies: gravity, rotation force, and gravitation etc.) Homework Read the material in Chapter one and understand the new terms. Translate the questions into Chinese and try to answer them in both English and Chinese. 1.2 The hardship and the pleasures of geologists （地质学家的苦与乐） My students, the prospective geologists, often ask me what hardship I have endured and what pleasure I have experien