何志嵩-晚期肾癌治疗进展.pptVIP

ESMO指南 The cytokine era of immunotherapy for advanced RCC was followed by a decade of clinical research dominated by antiangiogenic therapies targeting the VEGF and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways, establishing targeted therapies as the current standard of care for most patients. Emerging data with blocking antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, demonstrating spontaneous and durable regressions for a subset of treatment-refractory RCC tumors, suggest that the PD-1 pathway represents a dominant control point for the regulation of tumor-reactive T-cell responses. PD-1 as an emer