Cohesion_语言学_衔接学习课件演示课件.pptVIP

Exophoric reference: which refers to an item whose referent is retrievable in the context of situation. Exophoric relation is a means of linking ‘outwards’ to some person or object in the environment. For example: (A mother said to her child) “Come here and pick it up.” In this utterance, the interpretation of “here” and “it” is dependent on the situation in which the utterance is produced. * .. Personal Reference （人称指称关系） Demonstrative Reference（指示指称关系） Comparative Reference（比较指称关系） * .. It is a reference by means of function into a speech situation through the category of the person in the form of personal pronouns. I- ‘the one speaking’ you- ‘the one(s) spoken to’ he, she, it, they- ‘the other(s) in the situation’ The first and second persons I and you naturally retain this deictic sense; their meaning is defined in the act of speaking. * .. The third person forms he, she, it, they can be used exophorically; but more often than not, in all languages as we know them, such items are anaphoric: that is they point not ‘outwards’ to the environment but ‘backwards’ to the preceding text. For example, The dog got in the garbage. He got sick from eating the stale bread. * .. Personals Head deictic Class determinative possessive Singular Masculine he/him his his Feminine she/her hers her Neuter it [its] its Plural they/them theirs their Function * .. The second type of reference item is the demonstrative, this/that, these/those, here/there. Demonstratives may also be exophoric or anaphoric; in origin they were probably the same as third-person forms, but they retain a stronger deictic flavour than the personals, and have evolved certain distinct anaphoric function of their own. * .. The basic sense of ‘this’ and ‘that’ is one of proximity; this refers to something as being ‘near’, that refers to something as being ‘not near’. The ‘that’ term tends to be more inclusiv