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考试全真题预测范文
?ThewordlaserwascoinedasanacronymforLightAmplificationbytheStimulated
EmissionofRadiation.Ordinarylight,fromtheSunoralightbulb,isemitted
spontaneously,whenatomsormoleculesgetridofexcessenergybythemselves,without
anyoutsideintervention.Stimulatedemissionisdifferentbecauseitoccurswhenan
atomormoleculeholdingontoexcessenergyhasbeenstimulatedtoemititaslight.
??AlbertEinsteinwasthefirsttosuggesttheexistenceofstimulatedemissionina
paperpublishedin1917.However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthatatomsand
moleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulated
emissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.ItwasnotuntilaftertheSecondWorld
Warthatphysicistsbegantryingtomakestimulatedemissiondominate.Theysought
waysbywhichoneatomormoleculecouldstimulatemanyothertoemitlight,
amplifyingittomuchhigherpowers.
??ThefirsttosucceedwasCharlesH.Townes,thenatColombiaUniversityinNew
York.Insteadofworkingwithlight,however,heworkedwithmicrowaves,whichhave
amuchlongerwavelength,andbuiltadevicehecalledamaserforMicrowave
AmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Althoughhethoughtofthe
keyideain1951,thefirstmaserwasnotplentilacoupleofyearslater.Before
long,manyotherphysicistswerebuildingmasersandtryingtodiscoverhowtoproduce
stimulatedemissionatevenshorterwavelength.
??Thekeyconceptsemergedabout1957.TownesandArthurSchawlow,thenatBell
TelephoneLaboratories,wrotealongpaperoutliningtheconditionsneededtoamplify
stimulatedemissionofvisiblelightwaves.Ataboutthesametime,similarideas
crystallizedinthemindofGordonGould,thena37-year-oldgraduatestudentat
Columbia,whowrotethemdowninaseriesofnotebooks.TownesandSchawlow
publishedtheirideasinascientificjournal,PhysicalReviewLetter,butGouldfileda
patentapplication.Threedecadeslater,peoplestillargueaboutwhodeservesthecredit
fortheconceptofthelaser.
1.Thewordcoininline1couldber
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