非线性振动与线性振动对比.pptVIP

x - Rotation of the eddy y - Horizontal temperature distribution z - Vertical temperature profile a=10, b=28, c=8/3 Chaos in the Lorenz’s Equations An Atmospheric Model Divergence of Close Solutions Lyapunov Exponent ?? Divergence between close trajectories is measured by the Lyapunov exponent ?? The Lyapunov exponent is calculated by propagating two initially close trajectories and measuring the divergence in each dimension with time. ?? One positive Lyapunov exponent for a system implies chaotic motion. Lyapunov Exponents Lyapunov A. M. (1857-1918) Alexander Lyapunov was born 6 June 1857 in Yaroslavl, Russia in the family of the famous astronomer M.V. Lypunov, who played a great role in the education of Alexander and Sergey. Alexander Lyapunov was a school friend of Markov and later a student of Chebyshev at Physics Mathematics department of Petersburg University which he entered in 1876. In 1885 he brilliantly defends his MSc diploma “On the equilibrium shape of rotating liquids”, which attracted the attention of physicists, mathematicians and astronomers of the world. The same year he starts to work in Kharkov University at the Department of Mechanics. He gives lectures on Theoretical Mechanics, ODE, Probability. In 1892 defends PhD. In 1902 was elected to Science Academy. After wife’s death 31.10.1918 committed suicide and died 3.11.1918 What is “chaos”? Chaos – is a aperiodic long-time behavior arising in a deterministic dynamical system that exhibits a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Trajectories which do not settle down to fixed points, periodic orbits or quasiperiodic orbits as t?∞ The system has no random or noisy inputs or parameters – the irregular behavior arises from system’s nonliniarity The nearby trajectories separate exponentially fast Lyapunov Exponent 0 The Lyapunov Exponent A quantitative measure of the sensitive dependence on the initial conditions is the Lyapunov exponent ?. It is th