实习二沉积岩.pptVIP

实习二 沉积岩 目的：1、熟悉沉积岩的层理、结构及描述方法 2、认识几种碎屑岩、粘土岩和碳酸盐岩 内容：1、观察并描述：砾岩、石英砂岩、长石 砂岩、细砂岩、石灰岩、鲕状灰岩、竹 叶状灰岩、泥灰岩等 2、观察：角砾岩、岩屑砂岩、海绿石 石英砂岩、黄土、豹皮状灰岩、白云质 灰岩、燧石条带灰岩、板状泥灰岩等 沉积岩概述 Sedimentary Rock What Rocks Tell Us Table 1 : Relative extent of rock types exposed at the earths surface % shale 52 sandstone 15 granite 15 limestone 7 basalt 3 others 8 By studying the nature of the material in sedimentary rocks we may obtain information about the source of the sediment, the type and length of transport, and the geological environment in which it was deposited. In this practical, we will be examining some of the properties of sedimentary rocks. Types of sediments and sedimentary rocks There are three principle types of sedimentary rocks: 1. Detrital or clastic sedimentary rocks, as described above, consist of aggregates of grains (orclasts) which have been lithified during diagenesis 2. Biogenic sedimentary rocks result from the accumulation of skeletal remains of plants oranimals. The most important types are (1) made up of calcium carbonate (calcareous) e.g. limestone, and shelly sandstone; (2) made up of silica (siliceous) e.g. chert; and (3) made up of coalified plant remains (carbonaceous) e.g. coal. 3. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from precipitation within the environment of deposition, so their composition depends on the chemical composition of the acqueous solution from which they are deposited (e.g. lake, ocean, groundwater) and chemical conditions (e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, pH). Common chemical precipitates include siliceous (chert), phosphatic, iron-rich, calcareous and manganiferous varieties. In addition, evaporation of saline water, especi