材料科学概论复习题有点接近完整版.docVIP

一、名词解释 Reaction bonding A ceramic processing technique, by which a shape is made using one material that is later converted into a ceramic material by chemical reaction and sintering. 反应烧结：一种陶瓷加工技术,是用一种材料经过化学反应和烧结而转变成陶瓷材料的成型方法。 Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field concerned with inventing new materials and improving previously known materials by developing a deeper understanding of the microstructure-composition-synthesis-processing relationships. 材料科学与工程：是一个关于开明新材料和通过对“微观结构——组成——合成——加工”关系加深理解而提高已有材料的跨学科领域 Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms or ions in a material 结构：是对材料中原子或离子排列方式的描述 Composition means the chemical make-up of a material. 组成：表示材料的化学组成 Trans-granular (晶内的，穿晶的) Fracture fracture in which cracks would go through the grains. 穿晶断裂：沿着纹理断裂的断裂 Ductile Fracture In metals that have good ductility and toughness, ductile fracture normally occurs in a trans-granular method.Often, a considerable amount of deformation-including necking is observed in the failed component 韧性断裂：金属有很好的延性和韧性，韧性断裂常常发生在穿晶断裂中。通常，可以在失效部件中看到可观的包括变细在内的变形。 Glass Intermediates Oxides that, when added to a glass, help to extend the glassy network; although the oxides normally do not form a glass themselves. 网络中间体：加入玻璃中，有助于延伸玻璃网状结构的氧化物，但他们通常不能独自形成玻璃。 shot peening A process in which metal spheres are shot at a component.This leads to a residual compressive stress at the surface of a component and this enhances fatigue life. 喷丸硬化：把金属球喷入部件中的过程，导致部件表面产生残余压缩应力，这提高疲劳寿命。 Flexural modulus The modulus of elasticity calculated from the results of a bend test, giving the slope of the stress-deflection(偏转) curve 弯曲模量：是从弯曲试验结果中计算出来的弹性模量，等于应力——偏转曲线的斜率。 Tempering A low –temperature heat treatment used to reduce the hardness of martensite (马氏体)by permitting the martensite to begin to decompose to the equilibrium phase. 回火：一种通过让马氏体分解成平衡相而减小马氏体硬度的低温热处理方法 Stress Force or load per unit area of cross-section (横界面) over which the force or load is actin