汽车系统构造英文版-Lesson11ManualTransmission.ppt

Lesson 11 Manual Transmission Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline engine. First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without exploding. Second, engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their maximum. For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 rpm. The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows down. You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best performance. Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm value[1]. That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT). A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear ratios. In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didnt see them in production automobiles. These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more common. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT. The transmission is connected to the engine through the clutch. The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine. Simple Transmission To understand the basic idea behind a standard transmission, the diagram below shows a very simple two-speed transmission in neutral: Lets look at each of the parts in this diagram to understand how they fit together: The green shaft comes from the engine through the clutch. The green shaft and green gear are connected as a single unit. The red shaft and gears are called the layshaft. These are also connected as a single piece, so all of the gears on the layshaft and the layshaft itself spin as one unit. The green shaft and the red shaft are directly connected through their meshed gears so that if the green shaft is spinning, so is the red shaft. In this way, the layshaft rece