水文测量专业大二课程第四章 冰川与冻土.pptVIP

* * Kame:冰砾阜 * * * Permafrost / ‘p??m?fr?st 多年冻土活动层厚度约1-4米。如果冬季较暖，活动层再冻结时的深度达不到永冻层的顶部，则在活动层与多年冻结层间会出现一个融土层，这种情况可称为不衔接多年冻土。 现在所见的多年冻土绝大部分是第四纪盛冰期时的产物。 * 根据定义，南京也算是冻土分布区。 杨景春《地貌教程》中P117页中所述冻土面积与P119图所示冻土分布面积显然不符。 北极多年冻土厚度可达1000米以上，年均地温-15度，永冻层顶面接近地表。大致北纬48度是多年冻土的南界，地温接近0度，冻土层厚度约1-2米。 * * * * * * * Rock glaciers are not strictly glaciers, but a flow phenomen in permafrost. A mixture of rock debris interspersed with ice in cavities slowly moves downhill (typically much slower than a glacier). * * * * A ground-level view of a plain filled with rock debris sorted into myriad stone circles 3 to 5 m in diameter. This striking example of patterned ground was photographed in western Spitsberg, part of the Artic Ocean’s Svalbard island that belongs to Norway. * 这种石环中央隆起而边缘低下 * 石环是冻土区中颗粒大小混杂的松散砂砾层，由于饱含水分，经频繁的冻融交替，发生物质的分异造成的。 The effects of frost heaving – in the form of boulders thrust upward out of the ground – dominate this high-altitude tundra landscape lying near the summit level of the central Colorado Rockies. * * Pingos are usually small and occur in clusters of hundreds, but some isolated pingos are as large as 600 m in diameters and 60 m high. The core of a pingo is made of ice. This prominent pingo, located in the Mackenzie River delta of northwesternmost Canada, certainly ranks in the largest size category exhibited by these periglacial landforms. * * 热融土溜 Soild screep is common on slopes in the periglacial landscape. These solifluction lobes mark the raised beaches at the foot of Mount Pelly on Victoria Island in Canada’s Northwest Territories. * * * * Valley glacials with high snowfields and cirques in the background. Tributary glaciers are flowing down steep valleys and joining with the master glacier in the foreground. Harvard Glacier, Alaska. * * Switzerland’s Matterhorn, the best known peak of Europe’s Alps, is a vivid example of the sculpting power of glaciers. * * * A fjord, a glacial valley flooded with seawater. This view looks inland at McCarthy Fjord