语用学PPT-deixis-指示代词.pptVIP

The above distinction is not manifested in English directly, but it is perhaps indirectly. For example, us in let us may or may not be addressee-inclusive, as in (a )and (b); us in the contraction form let’s, however, must be understood as addressee-inclusive, as in (c)—that is why (d) is considered as unacceptable. (a) Let us do it together. (inclusive of the addressee) (b) Let us know the time of your arrival. (exclusive of the addressee) (c) Let’s go to the cinema. (inclusive of the addressee) (d) Let’s go to see you tomorrow. (unacceptable) In English, we is the only form of the first person plural pronoun in nominative case, so whether it is addressee-inclusive or exclusive depends much on the context. The same utterance might be interpreted in different ways in different contexts: eg. We haven’t received from John for a long time. We would be understood as inclusive of the addressee in case a mother is talking with her husband about their son whose name is John, exclusive of the addressee in case a mother is talking with her friend about her own son. 1st person deixis with functional variation: (a) (Mother to children) 咱们别闹了，我带你们出去玩。 (1st person shifted to express the addressee: to show intimacy) (b) 我们说话得讲良心。 (1st person shifted to express the addressee: to make the criticism less direct) (c) (Doctor to patient) How are we feeling today? (We used to refer to the addressee: to bring the distance closer make the patient less nervous). Second Person Deixis In modern English, the second person pronoun has only one form — you, for both the singular and plural. You might be used deicticly, referring to one or more specific addressees whose identification relies much on the context in which the deixis occurs, as in (a) it might also be used non-deicticly (“generic you”) with a general reference, which does not rely so much on the concrete context for its interpretation, as in (b). (a) You, you, you, come to the teacher’s office, please. (deic