alevelas物理概念大全.doc

AS 物理概念大全 2016 版 Unit1&2 #velocity is the rate of change of displacement. #acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. #displacement is the distance traveled in a particular direction. Unit3 #Newton’s first law: an object will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless it is acted on by an external force. #Newton’s second law: With the object’s mass constant, acceleration produced is directly proportional to the force applied. #Newton’s third law: when two bodies interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude and in opposite direction. #weight is the pull by gravitation. Unit4 #moment of a force: force×perpendicular distance of the pivot from the line of the action of the force. #torque of a couple: 1 one of the forces×perpendicular distance between the forces. #for an object to be in equilibrium: 1.the resultant force acting on the object is 0 2.the resultant moment is 0. #vectors: both have direction and magnitude. #scalars: only have magnitude. Unit5 #work done=force×the distance moved in the direction of the force. #principle of conservation of energy: for a close system, energy cannot be destroyed or created by itself, it can be transferred to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains constant. #power is the rate at which work is done (or energy is transferred). Unit6 #momentum= the product of mass and velocity. #the principle of conservation of momentum: for a closed system, in any direction, the total momentum before the interaction in equal to the total momentum after the interaction. #elastic collision: the total kinetic energy is conserved. #inelastic collision: the total kinetic energy is not conserved. #net force= the rate of change of momentum . (F=△P/△t) 2 Unit7 #density: mass per unit volume. #pressure= normal force/ cross-sectional area. Unit8 #Hooke’s law: the extension of a material is directly proportional to the applied force as long as it’s elastic limit is not exceeded (F=kx). #elastic limit point: