chapter10 distributed database management system分布式数据库管理系统.ppt

19 20 22 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 32 32 32 32 32 Vertically Fragmented Table Contents Figure 10.18 Data Fragmentation Mixed FragmentationCombination of horizontal and vertical strategies. A table may be divided into several horizontal subsets (rows), each one having a subset of the attributes (columns). Table 10.5 Mixed Fragmentation of the CUSTOMER Table Figure 10.19 Data Replication Data replication refers to the storage of data copies at multiple sites served by a computer network. Fragment copies can be stored at several sites to serve specific information requirements. The existence of fragment copies can enhance data availability and response time, reducing communication and total query costs. Figure 10.20 Data Replication Mutual Consistency Rule Replicated data are subject to the mutual consistency rule, which requires that all copies of data fragments be identical. DDBMS must ensure that a database update is performed at all sites where replicas exist. Data replication imposes additional DDBMS processing overhead. Data Replication Replication Conditions A fully replicated database stores multiple copies of all database fragments at multiple sites. A partially replicated database stores multiple copies of some database fragments at multiple sites. Factors for Data Replication Decision Database Size Usage Frequency Data Allocation Data allocation describes the processing of deciding where to locate data. Data Allocation Strategies CentralizedThe entire database is stored at one site. PartitionedThe database is divided into several disjoint parts (fragments) and stored at several sites. ReplicatedCopies of one or more database fragments are stored at several sites. Data Allocation Data allocation algorithms take into consideration a variety of factors: Performance and data availability goals Size, number of rows, the number of relations that an entity maintains with other entities. Types of transactions to be applied to the database, the attributes