直言命题及其真假的关系.pptVIP

第五讲直言命题及其 真假关糸 逻辑史话 5公孙龙(公元前370前310年),先秦名家 最后一位主要代表人物,提出著名的“白马 非马”命题。理由有三:1、“马者所以命形 也,白者所以命色也,命形者非命色也,故白马非 马。”2、“求马,黄、黑马皆可致;求白马,黄、黑 马不可致。可与不可,其相非明.是白马之非马,审 矣!”3、“白马者马与白也,白与马也。故曰白马非 马 评:公孙龙从内涵和外延等角度论证了“白马非马 非”有“不等于”和“不属于”两种解释。“马”与 “白马”是具有属种关系的概念,“白马不等于马”显 然是正确的命题,但公孙龙却是想通过“白马不等于马” 来论证“白马不属于马”,因而是在进行诡辩 A definition by genus and difference assigns a meaning to a term by identifying genus term and one or more difference words that. when combined, convey the meaning of the term being defined. In logic, genus simply means a relatively larger class, and species means a relatively smaller subclass of the genus. Genus and species are merely relative classification Specific difference or difference. for short, is the attribute or attributes that distinguish the various species within a genus. The first step is to identify a genus, next we must identify a specific difference Summary There are rules that govern the construction of lexical definitions Such definitions should conform to grammatical standards, convey the essential meaning of the word being defined. be neither too broad nor too narrow,avoid circularity, avoid negative, figurative, obscure, vague, ambiguous, and affective language, and indicate the context to which the definitions pertains. The rules of division 1. A division must be exhaustive. This rule may also be expressed by saying that the constituent species must be together equal to the“ totum divison”。 2. The constituent species of the genus must exclude each other 3. A division must proceed at every stage, and so far as possible through all its stage, upon one principle, or fundamentum dIvisionIs