现代语言学资料.pdfVIP

1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the scientifi c study of language. 2).General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. 3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.In a broad sense,it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 4).Synchronic st udy: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ’s time is a synchronic study. 5).Diachroni c study : The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare ’s time is a diachronic study. 6).Language c ompetence: The i deal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transform ational-generative grammar （转化生成 语法） is a model of language competence. 7).Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user ’knowledges of the rules in lingui stic communication. 8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system sharedby all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently. 9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrar