土木重点项目工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译.doc

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老工程技术学科，是指计划，设计，施工及对建筑环境管理。此处环境包含建筑符合科学规范全部结构，从浇灌和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其它现代社会和大量人口集中地域基础公共设施。她们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，和其它设计用作工业，商业和住宅路径大型结构。另外，土木工程师还计划设计及建造完整城市和乡镇，而且最近一直在计划设计容纳设施齐全小区空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词起源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把她非军事工程工作区分于当初占优势地位军事工程师工作而采取名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设工程师，尽管其包含领域更为宽广。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experimen