《环境经济学》全套英文课件.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The European Experience In Europe, economic incentives such as effluent charges play a much larger role. Developing Country Experience Noncompliance and lack of infrastructure has hampered many water pollution control programs. Water pollution is complicated by poverty. Oil Spills Legal solutions have very high administrative costs and take enormous amounts of time. Vessel owners will choose the level of precaution that equates the marginal cost of additional precaution with the marginal expected penalty (See Figure 19.3.) FIGURE 19.3 OIL SPILL LIABILITY Citizen Suits Citizen suits have been on the rise, in part due to lax public enforcement. Under the Clean Water Act, attorney’s fees incurred by citizens’ groups in successful actions must be paid by the defendant. Citizens suits lead to greater compliance, but complete compliance is not necessarily efficient if the defendant polluters face inefficiently high standards. WATER QUALITY, WATERSHED BASED TRADING AND GIS Land use change significantly affects watershed health. Agricultural and urban runoff into rivers, streams and estuaries is the largest contributor to water pollution. Study suggests that water quality trading program should take into account land uses as well as overall watershed health. AN OVERALL ASSESSMENT The use of cost-effective policies would reduce costs substantially while not affecting the benefits. Economic incentives would also fa