2020-2021某大学《英语写作》2期末课程考试试卷合集（含答案）.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 2 院系： 专业班级： 姓名： 学号： 装 院系： 专业班级： 姓名： 学号： 装 订 线 适用专业： 考试时间： 考试时间：120分钟 闭卷 试卷总分：100分 (答案请写在答题纸上) Part I. Summary Writing (20 %): Directions: Read the following passage. Write a summary of about 80 words. The “Hawthorne Effect”, one of the best-known experiments in sociology was conducted before World War II at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric. The management was eager to improve productivity and wanted to know what kind of incentives would encourage the workers to increase output. The researcher who investigated the problem, Elton Mayo, separated a group of women from the other workers and systematically varied lighting, coffee breaks, lunch hours, methods of payment, and so on. At first, Mayo and his associates were delighted: each new change increased levels of productivity. But when the researchers found that productivity rose no matter which variables were involved, they became suspicious. When the workers were finally returned to their original conditions, their productivity rose yet again! Something was seriously wrong with the researchers’ theoretical assumptions. Whatever had caused the changes in the dependent variable—productivity—it was not the independent variables the experimenters had introduced, and from this point of view the experiment was a failure. But the reasons for the experiment’s failure have taught sociologists a great deal. Production rose, it seems, because the women enjoyed all the attention they were getting: they became a tight-knit, cooperative group, they knew what effects the sociologists were trying to produce, and they did their best to please. This phenomenon—the contamination of the experiment by the subje