IBHRE国际心律失常考官委员会英文资料：II. Cardiac Anatomy Physiology.pptVIP

Diastolic Abnormalities Causes of decreased preload ↓Venous return – hypovolemia, vasodilatation ↓C.O Hypotension Causes of increased preload ↓contractility MR/ TR AV stenosis RV/LV failure Systolic Abnormalities ↓myocardial contractility PV/ AV stenosis ( ? afterload) Calculation of SV CO SV = CO x HR If SV is normal (70 cc) - ↑HR ↑CO, ↓HR ↓CO If SV is ↓- ↑HR normal CO, Normal HR ↓CO Very fast HR - ↓SV ↓CO If SV is ↑, even with slow HR normal CO Ejection Fraction (Contractile state of myocardium) = SV / end-diastolic volume {Normal value = 65%} Chronotropic competence =