矩阵的对角化及其应用.docx

学生： 学 号: 学生： 学 号: 学院2016届 本科毕业论文（设计） 矩阵的对角化及具应用 专 业：数学与应用数学 指导老师： 答辩时间：2015.22 装订时间：2016.5.25 A GradUatiOn TheSiS (PrOjeCt) SUbmitfed to SChOOI Of SCienCef HUbei UmVerSity for NatiOnaIitieS In PartiaI FUIfiIImellt Of the ReqUiring for BS Degree In the Year Of 2016 DiagOnalizatiOn Ofthe MatriX and its APPliCatiOnS StUdent Name StUdent No.: SPetiaIty： MathernatiCS and APPlied MathematiCS SUPerViSOn Date Of TheSiS DefenSe:2016522 Date Of Bookbinding： 2016.5.25 矩阵在大学数学中是一个重要工具，在很多方面应用矩阵能简化描述性语言,而 且也更容易理解，比如说线性方程组、二次方程等.矩阵相似是一个等价关系，利用 相似可以把矩阵进行分类，其中与对角矩阵相似的一类矩阵尤为重要，这类矩阵有很 好的性质,方便我们解决其它的问题.本文从矩阵的对角化的诸多充要条件及充分条 件看手，探讨数域上任意一个〃阶矩阵的对角化问题,给出判定方法，研究判定方法 间的相互关系，以及某些特殊矩阵的对角化，还给出如幕等矩阵、对合矩阵、幕幺矩 阵对角化的应用. 关键词：对角矩阵，实对称矩阵，幕等矩阵,对合矩阵，特征值,特征向量，最小多 项式 AbStraCt The matrix is an important tool in COIlege mathematics and Can SimPlify the description IangUage based On the application Of matrix in many ways. SO it is easier to Understand in many fields, for examplel Iinear equations, quadratic equatiOns. In many CharaCteriStiCSf the matrix Similarity is an Very important aspect We know that the matrix Similarity is an equivalence relation by WhiCh We Can ClaSSify matrix, the diagonal matrix is Very important. ThiS kind Of matrix has good PrOPertieSZ and it is COnVenient for US to SOlVe Other PrOblemSl SUCh as the application Of Similar matrix in Iinear SPaCe? In this PaPerl We first discuss many necessary and SUffiCient COnditiOnS Of diagonalization Of matrix and then give SOme applications Of SPeCial matrix diagonalizatio n. Key words: diagOnal matrix f real SymmetriC matrix Z idempotent matrix Z involutory matrix I the eigenvaule f the feature VeCtOr z minimal POlynOmial TOC \o 1-5 \h \z AbStraCt II 绪言 1 课题背景 1 目的和意义 1 国外概况 1 \o Current Document 预备知识 2 相关概念 2 \o Current Document 矩阵的对角化 4 \o Current Document 特殊矩阵的对角化 14 \o Current Document 矩阵对角化的应用 22 总结 24 致谢 25 \o Current Document 参考文献 26 \o Current Document 独创声明 28 1绪言 本课题研究与矩阵的对角化相关的问题，从对角化的判定展开论述，结合其它学 术期刊的结论加上自己的体会,希望能让读