现代环境化学课件.pptxVIP

环境介质及性质;? 一、自然环境;? 一、自然环境;? 二、环境介质(相);? 二、环境介质(相);? 三、臭氧层的形成与耗损;O2 + hv ? O + O (λ 243 nm) 2O + 2O2 + M ? 2O3 + M;动态平衡：生成和耗损的速率相同，臭氧的浓度保持恒定。;臭氧层耗损 Ozone Depletion 由于水蒸气、NOx、氟氯烃等污染物进入平流层，它们能加速臭氧耗损过程，破坏臭氧层的稳定状态。;The total overhead amount of atmospheric ozone at any location is usually expressed in terms of Dobson units (DU); one such unit is equivalent to a 0.01 mm thickness of pure ozone at the density it would possess if it were brought ground-level (1 atm) pressure. The normal amount of over-head ozone at temperate latitudes is about 350 DU. Because of stratospheric winds, ozone is transported from tropical toward polar regions. Thus the closer to the equator you live, the less the total amount of ozone that protects you from ultraviolet light. ;假设可催化臭氧分解的物质为Y，则有如下反应：;平流层HOX主要是由H2O, CH4 或H2与O反应而生成的。;The stratosphere chlorine concentration currently is 3.5 ppb, which is twice as great as it was in the 1970s and six times the background level of 0.6 ppb, paralleling the growth in the use of CFCs. In the 1980s, about 1 million tonnes (i.e., metric tons, 1000 kg each) of CFCs were released annually to the atmosphere. ;The chemical formulas for individual CFCs, such as CFC-11, can be deduced from their code number by adding 90. The resulting digits correspond, respectively, to the number of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine atoms present in one molecule. For example, adding 90 to 11 gives 101, so it follows that CFC-11 contains one carbon, zero hydrogens, and one fluorine. Since that the total number of noncarbon atoms adds up to 2n+2, where n is the number of carbons, the number of chlorines in these substituted alkanes can be deduced by difference, that is, by subtracting from 2n+2, the number of hydrogen plus fluorine atoms. Thus for CFC-11, 2n+2=4, so the number of chlorine atoms is 4-(0+1)=3, and its formula is CFCl3.;温室效应：大气中存在一些温室气体(CO2、CH4)，这些气体可以强烈地吸收波长1200-1630 nm的红外辐射，其存在对截留红外辐射能量影响较大。 这些气体如同温室的玻璃一样，它允许来自太阳的可见光到达地面，但阻止地面重新辐射出来的红外光???回外空间，因此，这些温室气体起到了单向过