离散数学课件：Partial Orderings.pptxVIP

Power Set (幂集)?给定集合 ，由 的全体子集作为元素所构成的集合称为 的幂集 (power set).? 的幂集 (power set) 记成 Example 取 ，则???Partial Orderings偏序关系Partial Ordering (偏序关系)?Let be a relation on a set . If is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive, then is called a partial ordering, or partial order (偏序)Partial Ordered Set, or Poset (偏序集)Suppose is a partial ordering on a set Ordered pair is called a partially ordered set, or poset (偏序集)?记号 ( 与 )?设 是 上的偏序关系。我们通常将用符号 代表 , 即?Poset 可以记成 可以记成 , 读作 “ 小于等于 ”?? :若 且 , 则可记为 , 读作“ 小于 ”可比 (comparable) 与不可比 (incomparable)?设 为偏序集 (poset)，.如果有 或 成立，则称 与 是可比的 (comparable) 如果既没有 也没有 ，则称 与 不可比 (incomparable)ExamplesThe following are partial orderings on the set of positive integers?In the case of partial ordering , ???In the case of partial ordering , ??In the case of partial ordering , we have neither nor (that is, and is incomparable)ExamplesLet . Let be a relation of the power set ???Then is a partial ordering. In this partial ordering, we have? and is incomparable?全序 (totally order)?Let be a poset.?If every two elements of are comparable, is called a totally order. is called a totally ordered set (全序集).ExamplesThe following are partial orderings on the set of positive integers?totally order?In the case of partial ordering , ?totally order?In the case of partial ordering , ?not totally order?In the case of partial ordering , we have neither nor (that is, and is incomparable)ExamplesLet . Let be a relation of the power set ?not totally order??Then is a partial ordering. In this partial ordering, we have? and is incomparable?用哈塞图 (Hasse Diagrams) 表示偏序关系 (partial order)如何得到一个偏序集 (poset) 的哈赛图 (Hasse diagrams)?设 是一个偏序集 (poset)?1. 画出 所对应的有向图 (digraph) ?2. 去掉由于 的自反性 (reflexive) 而肯定存在的边，即 去掉 中所有的 loop?3. 去掉由于 的传递性而肯定存在的边，即 设边 ，若在 中仍然存在 到 的边，则去掉边 4. 调整 vertex 的位置，使得所有边的方向都朝上，然后去掉有向边上的箭头Hasse diagram 是一个不标箭头的有向图Example ?Draw the Hasse Diagram for Example ?Draw the Hasse diagram representing the partial ordering on