原著精读day212自动保存的.pdfVIP

! Jan 22, 2018 ! A!mother!is!equally!related!to!all!her!children,!born!and!to!be!born.!On!genetic! grounds!alone!she!should!have!no!favourites,!as!we!have!seen.! If!she!does!show! favouritism!it!should!be!based!on!differences!in!expectation!of!life,!depending!on! age!and!other!things.!The!mother,!like!any!individual,!is!twice!as! ly!‘related!to! herself!as!she!is!to!any!of!her!children.!Other!things!being!equal,!this!means!that!she! should!invest!most!of!her!resources!selfishly!in!herself,!but!other!things!are!not! equal.!She!can!do!her!genes!more!good!by!investing!a!fair!proportion!of!her! resources!in!her!children.!This!is!because!these!are!younger!and!mo elpless!than! she!is,!and!they!can!therefore!benefit!more!from!each!unit!of!investment!than!she! can!herself.!Genes!for!investing!in!mo elpless!individuals!in!preference!to!o lf! can!prevail!in!t e!pool,!even!though!the!beneficiaries!may!share!only!a! proportion!of!ones!genes.!This!is!why!animals!show!parental!altruism,!and! ! why!they!show!any!kind!of!kinDselected!altruism.! ! ! Now!look!at!it!from!the!point!of!view!of!a!particular!child.! He!is!just!as! ly!related! to!each!of!is!brothers!and!sisters!as!his!mother!is!to!them.!The!relatedness!is!1/2!in! all!cases.!Therefo e!‘wants!his!mother!to!invest!some!of!her!resources!in!his! brothers!and!sisters.!Genetically!speaking,!he!is!just!as!altruistically!disposed!to!them! as!his!mother!is.! But!again,!he!is!twice!as! ly!related!to!himself!as!he!is!to!any! brother!or!sister,!and!this!will!dispose!him!to!want!his!mother!to!invest!in!him!more! than!in!any!particular!brother!or!sister,!other!things!being!equal.!In!this!case!other! things!mi