大学有机化学第二章烷烃.pptVIP

6.1 Combustion (燃烧) 6.2 Pyrolysis (热解) “cleavage by heat” Hydrolysis (水解) (“cleavage by water”) free radical(自由基) Cracking (裂解) The more volatile, lower-molecular-weight hydrocarbons are useful as automotive fuels and as a source of petrochemicals. Free radical (intermediate) Production (产生): Energy must be supplied by heating or by irradiation (照射) with light to cause homolysis (均裂) of covalent bonds in the gas phase (气相) or in a nonpolar solvent (非极性溶剂). Reactivity (活性): Almost all small radicals are short-lived, highly reactive species. Stability (稳定性): ArCH2·， CH2=CHCH2·，3o 2o 1o CH3· Ar ·，CH2=CH · Configuration (构型): the CH3 radical is planar (sp2 hybridized carbon) 6.3 Autoxidation (自动氧化) R-H Reactivity (活性): 3o 2o 1o The O–O bond of an alkyl hydroperoxide is quite weak, and it can break and produce radicals that can initiate other chains: RO–OH RO? + ?OH 大学有机化学第二章烷烃 5) Many insect sex attractants have been synthesized and are used to lure insects into traps as a means of insect control. 4) Muscalure is the sex attractant of the common housefly() (Musca domestica). chain ~ (链烃) Chapter 2 Alkanes hydrocarbons (碳氢化合物—烃) aliphatic ~ (脂肪烃) saturated aliphatic ~ (饱和脂肪烃) alkanes (烷烃) unsaturated aliphatic ~ alkenes (烯烃) alkynes (炔烃) cyclic ~ (环烃) alicyclic ~ (脂环烃) aromatic ~ (芳香烃) 1. Homologous series and constitutional isomers of alkanes (烷烃的同系列与构造异构) 1.1 Homologous series Hybridization? Bonding? 1.2 Structure 1.3 Constitutional isomers（构造异构体） structure constitution (构造) configuration (构型) conformation (构象) Order of atomic connections that defines a molecule Arrangement of atoms that characterizes a particular stereoisomer Different arrangements of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation about single bonds constitutional formula configurational formula constitutional isomers (构造异构体) 1.4 Classes of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms(碳原子和氢原子的类型) primary (伯) secondary (仲) tertiary (叔) quarternary (季) 2. Nome