词汇学反义关系PPT精品文档.ppt

Chapter 6 Sense Relations 语义关系 6.4 Antonymy 反义关系 ;6.4 Antonymy 反义关系 本节重要术语和概念： 1. antonymy 反义关系 2. antonym 反义词 3. complementary 互补反义词 4. contrary 相对反义词 5. converse 逆反反义词 6. semantic relativity 语义相对性 7. semantic polarity 语义二极性 8. relational opposite 关系对立词 9. reverse term 反向词 10. marked term 有标记项 11. unmarked term 无标记项 ;补充材料 梁启超《少年之中国》节选 老年人常思既往，少年人常思将来。惟思既往也，故生留恋心；惟思将来也，故生希望心。惟留恋也，故保守；惟希望也，故进取。惟保守也，故永旧；惟进取也，故日新。惟思既往也，事事皆其所已经者，故惟知照例；惟思将来也，事事皆其所未经者，故常敢破格。 老年人常多忧虑，少年人常好行乐。惟多忧也，故灰心，惟行乐也，故盛气。惟灰心也，故怯懦；惟盛气也，故豪壮。惟怯懦也，故苟且；惟豪壮也，故冒险。惟苟且也，故能灭世界；惟冒险也，故能造世界。老年人常厌事，少年人常喜事。惟厌事也，故常觉一切事无可为者；惟好事也，故常觉一切事无不可为者。 老年人如夕照，少年人如朝阳；老年人如瘠牛，少年人如乳虎；老年人如僧，少年人如侠；老年人如字典，少年人如戏文；老年人如鸦片烟，少年人如泼兰地酒；老年人如别行星之陨石，少年人如大洋海之珊瑚岛；老年人如埃及沙漠之金字塔，少年人如西伯利亚之铁路；老年人如秋后之柳，少年人如春前之草；老年人如死海之潴为泽，少年人如长江之初发源。;1. Types of Antonyms 反义词的种类 Antonymy deals with semantic opposition. 反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。 What are antonyms? Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 反义词可被定义为意义上对立的词。 Antonyms can be divided into three types:;1) Complementaries 互补反义词 Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 互补反义词是真正反映意义对立的反义词形式。 Examples in the textbook: Adj.: dead — alive, present — absent, male — female, true — false, same — different perfect — imperfect, single — married Noun: boy — girl, man — woman ;Features of complementaries 互补反义词的特点 They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. 它们互相完全对立，互相排斥，之间不允许有任何可能项。肯定一方就等于否定另一方，反之也一样。? Compare: a) beautiful — plain — ugly dead ——————— alive b) He is rich.=He is not poor. (?) He is dead.=He is not alive. ;(2) Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are nongradable. 这类反义词的另一个显著特征是这种反义词是非等级的。 Compare: extremely b