暗能量宇宙学和引力反作用.docVIP

暗能量宇宙学和引力反作用 Dark Energy Cosmology and Gravitational back reaction(暗能量宇宙学和引力反作用) With the development of science and technology， cosmology has entered an era of accurate measurement rather than being a speculative science( Observations have verified the Big Bang cosmological model on one hand， but on the other hand， they also make us face some new problems( In 1998 type Ia supernova data reveal that our universe is undergoing an accelerating expansion， and this discovery is further confirmed by many other observational data and as a result cosmology is becoming one of the most fascinating subjects in physics( Currently， there are mainly two ways to explain the present cosmic accelerating expansion( One is that this observed accelerating expansion is a signal of breakdown of our understanding of the laws of gravitation and the modification of the gravity theory is thus proposed; the other is that the present cosmic acceleration is caused by an exotic energy with negative pressure， called dark energy( If the present accelerating expansion is caused by dark energy， observations indicate that dark energy consists of 70% of present total energy in our universe( The simplest candidate of dark energy is the cosmological constant， which can explain the present cosmic accelerating expansion and fit the observations very well but it also leaves some theoretical problems unresolved: the cosmological constant problem (why is the inferred value of cosmological constant so tiny (120 orders of magnitude lower) compared to the typical vacuum energy values predicted by particle physics ?) and the coincidence problem (why is its energy density comparable to the matter density right now ?)(In addition， some dynamic scalar fields are also proposed as the candidates of dark energy， such as: quintessence， phantom， quintom and generalized Chaplygin gas( The quintessence is a normal scalar field， and its equation of state(EOS) parameter， w， is lager than ,1; the phantom is an exo