材料导论6_固体材料的结构（StructureofSolidMaterials）1.pptVIP

* 6 C, 7 C, 8 Valence * B,C, isotope * How the 100 or so elements combine or chemically bond to form various organic, inorganic compounds and bulk metals. 分子内原子间的结合靠化学键，物质中分子间存在着分子间作用力。 Molecule: a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces chemical bonding 化学键合, 结合, Intra: intraocular.眼内的, intracell晶格之内, 晶格内部, intracity:市内的 inter- pref. Between; among: international, interaction * 大量分子聚集状态的特性主要由分子间的作用力来决定，如物质的熔点、沸点、熔化热、汽化热、溶解度、表面张力、粘度等。分子间力本质上仍属静电作用，它与分子的极性和分子的变形性有关。 * All molecules consist of distributions of electrical charge. Nonpolar molecule: H2, both atoms are of the same element. each atom shared the bonding electrons equally, producing an electrical charge distribution that is symmetrical about a line joining the two nuclei. Polar molecule: HCl, the atoms are different from each other, the shared electrons are associated more closely with the chlorine nucleus. * All molecules consist of distributions of electrical charge. Nonpolar molecule: H2, both atoms are of the same element. each atom shared the bonding electrons equally, producing an electrical charge distribution that is symmetrical about a line joining the two nuclei. Polar molecule: HCl, the atoms are different from each other, the shared electrons are associated more closely with the chlorine nucleus. There is a continuum between non-polar covalent bonds to ionic bonds. Non-polar bond have no difference in electronegativity between the atoms. Ionic bonds have the greatest difference in electronegativity between the atoms. (ΔEN1.7) Polar covalent bonds have an intermediate difference in electronegativity between the atoms. * They attract each other because of the difference in their electronegativities.? These are the strongest type of intermolecular forces because the molecules that they exist between are very polar. hydrogen sulfide * SiO2, 51% ionic bonding, 49% covalent bonding * * 因离子键强度大，所以硬度高 。但受到外力冲击时，易发生位错，导致破碎 。 受力时发生错位，使正正离子相切，负负离子相切，彼此排斥，离子键失去作用，故离子晶体