中科大基础天文学课件01绪论.pptVIP

四、宇宙概观 1、宇宙的概念 天文学所称的宇宙是广漠空间以及其中存在的各种天体和各种形态的物质的总称。现有的观测表明：我们所处的宇宙是平坦的、并在做加速膨胀。 四方上下曰宇，往古今来曰宙。 ——《淮南子》 空 间 时 间 2、物质的层次结构（微观、宏观和宇观） 地月系和卫星系统 太阳系、恒星和行星系统 根据2006年布鲁塞尔召开的IAU大会决议，冥王星被降为dwarf planet，从而被排除在经典行星之外，现在只有8大经典行星。 Resolution 5A The IAU therefore resolves that planets and other bodies in our Solar System be defined into three distinct categories in the following way: (1) A planet[1] is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. (2) A dwarf planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b ) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape[2], (c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite. (3) All other objects[3] orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as Small Solar System Bodies. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] The eight planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. [2] An IAU process will be established to assign borderline objects into either dwarf planet and other categories. [3] These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Nep tunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies. Resolution 5B Insert the word classical before the word planet in Resolution 5A, Section (1), and footnote 1. Thus reading: (1) A classical planet[1] is a celestial body . . . and ------------------------------- [1] The eight classical planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. IAU Resolution: Pluto Resolution 6A The IAU further resolves: Pluto is a dwarf planet by the above definition and is recognized as the pro