量子力学学习课件第六章英文版.pptxVIP

Chapter 6 Time-IndependentPerturbation Theory6.1 Nondegenerate Perturbation Theory 2496.2 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 2576.3 The Fine Structure of Hydrogen 2666.4 The Zeeman Effect 2776.5 Hyperfine splitting 283 For example: Infinite square well with small perturbation6.1 Nondegenerate Perturbation TheoryErwin Schrodinger 6.1.1 General FormulationTime-independent schr?dinger equation is solved:Considering the perturbed case, we should solve for the new eigenvalues and eigenfunctions:The Hamiltonian of the unperturbed system Additional Hamiltonian of the perturbed system Rewrite the new Hamiltonian as the sum of two terms:A small number ;later we will crank it up to1,and H will be the true, exact HamiltonianWrite the nth eigenfunction and eigenvalue as power series in ? as follows:The first-order correctionThe second-order correction Plugging the above H,ψn and En into the time-independent equation and Collecting like powers of ?The ? is a device to keep track of the different orders To lowest order:To first order:To second order：And so on Results: The first-order correction to the energy is the expectation value of the perturbation in the unperturbed state.6.1.2 The first-order correction: The first-order correction to the wave function:Rewrite equationThe unperturbed wave functi-ons constitute a complete setTake the inner production by Notice: although perturbation theory often yields surprising by accurate energies, the wave functions are notoriously poor. 6.1.3 The second-order energies: Correction to the eigenvalue:Correction to the eigenfunction: 6.2 Degenerate Perturbation Theory:In many cases, where two (or more) distinct states share the same energy, non-degenerate perturbation theory fail !Sometimes, two energy levels exists so near that non-degenerate perturbation theory cannot give us a satisfied answer.So, we must look for some other way to handle the problem. 6.2.1 Two-Fold Degeneracy:In order to see how the method generalizes, we begin with