大气科学第10章气候动力学.pdfVIP

10.1 The Present-Day Climate  The mean state of the climate system is determined by the emission of radiation from the sun, the earth’s rotation rate and orbital characteristics, the composition of the atmosphere, and the in ctions between the atmosphere and the other components of the earth system that determ he fluxes of mass, energy and momentum at the earth’s surface. Time scales  Annual Mean climate  Dependence on Time of Day  Seasonal dependence Seasonal dependence  Each year, as the earth revolves around the sun, the extratropical continent perience large temperature swings and many regions of the tropic perience dramatic changes in rainfall.  These periodic climate fluctuations are largely a response to the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation relative to the ne of the ecliptic. Seasonal insolation  The equator-to-pole gradient is strongest during winter, when the polar cap region is in darkness. In the summer hemisphere the reasing length of daylight with latitude more than offsets the reasing solar zenith angle, so that insolation actually reases slightly with latitude.  The large seasonal variations in insolation give rise to seasonally-varying imbalances i radiation at the top of the atmosphere which range up to 100 W m−2 over the subtropical and mid-latitude oceans. Insolation on a unit horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere ( MJ m−2) integrated over the 24-hour day, as a function of latitude and calendar month Net radiation at the top of the atmosphere in December-February and June-August in units of W m−2 Net radiation at the surface radiation at the surface of the ocean exhibits a similar distribution: downward in the wi