流行病学与循证医学.ppt

******加拿大McMaster大学以北DavidSackett为核心的研究中心******最谦卑,迟最坚韧不拔,最的流行病学家仅做了一项研究就获得了爵士封号****Thestudywasdonein1930sandbytheAmericanChildHealthAssociation;100011-yearoldchildren;Thechildrenwhosurvived;tonsillectomywasseenbythenextdoctorwhowasrandomlydrawnfrom20paediatricians.Statmed2000;19:1783-92.****最谦卑,迟最坚韧不拔,最的流行病学家仅做了一项研究就获得了爵士封号************************************************SirAustinBradfordHillandSirRichardDollMorethananybodyelseRichardDollhasstoppeddoctorspontificatingwithoutanyevidence.Togetherwiththefatherofmedicalstatistics,AustinBradfordHill,heintroducedtherandomisedcontrolledtrial:amethodofassessingatreatmentorprocedurethatisoneofthemostimportantmedicaldevelopmentsofthecentury.DollandHillwerealsothefirsttoshowtheconnectionbetweencigarettesmokingandmanyseriousdiseases,particularlylungcancerandheartdisease.AustinBradford-Hill.HewasaprofessorofstatisticsattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.**提到爵士,我必须强调,在科学家中它是一项比科学院院士还要高的荣誉,就象牛顿是物理学界的爵士,丘吉而是政治家中的爵士.******下图就是1954年使用的疫苗小瓶（Vialsofpoliovaccine,1954）SALK,JonasEdward(1914–95),Americanphysicianandepidemiologist,whodevelopedthefirstvaccineagainstPOLIOMYELITIS.BorninNewYorkCity,SalkreceivedanM.D.fromNewYorkUniversityin1939andwasappointedassistantprofessorofepidemiologyattheUniversityofMichigan.In1947hebecameheadofthevirusresearchlaboratoryattheUniversityofPittsburghandwaslaterresearchprofessorofbacteriology(1949–54),professorofpreventivemedicineandchairmanofthedepartment(1954–56),andprofessorofexperimentalmedicine(1957–63).Salk’sworkinthe1940sonananti-influenzavaccineledhimandhiscolleaguestodevelopaninactivatedvaccineagainstpolioin1952.Aftersuccessfulwide-scaletestingi