国际商法-WTO介绍.ppt

InternationalBusinessLawLecture2(re-cap)TheWorldTradeOrganization1

TheOriginoftheWTOThepredecessoroftheWTO-theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).Themultilateralattemptinthe1940stoimprovethepost-SecondWorldWarworldeconomy.2

TheBrettonWoodsConferenceInJuly1944,the44alliednationsoftheSecondWorldWarparticipatedinaconferenceatBrettonWoodsinNewHampshire,US.Agreementswerereachedtosetupthe?InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment?(theWorldBank)andthe?InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).3

TheBrettonWoodsConference(Cont.)TheBrettonWoodsConferencealsoattemptedtoliberalizeinternationaltrade.Therecommendationwastoestablishthe?InternationalTradeOrganization?(toregulate?internationaltrade).TheproposedInternationalTradeOrganizationeventuallyfailedtobeestablished.4

GATTThe?GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)wasreached,instead.ThepurposeofGATTwasthesubstantialreductionoftariffsandothertradebarriersandtheeliminationofpreferences,onareciprocalandmutuallyadvantageousbasis.GATTcameintoforceon1January1948.5

GATTandWTOUnderGATT,8roundsofmultilateraltradenegotiationswereconcluded.GATTwasinforceuntiltheconclusionoftheUruguayRoundAgreementsinMarrakeshin1994.TheUruguayRoundAgreementsestablishedthe?WorldTradeOrganizationon1January1995(asasuccessortoGATT).TheGATTstillhaseffectsundertheWTOsystem(onthebasisofthemodificationsoftheGATT1994version).6

GATTandWTO(Cont.)UndertheWTO,anewroundofnegotiations,theDohaRound,startedin2001andisstillnotyettoconclude.DuringtheongoingDohaRound,BaliPackagewassignedin2013.GATTandWTOsuccessfullyreducedtariffs-theaveragetarifflevelswere22%in1947,andloweredto5%aftertheUruguayRound.7

GATTandWTO(Cont.)GATTwasfocusedontradeingoods.AftertheUruguayRound,thescopeoftheWTO