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托福阅读tpo38R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
原文
TransgenicPlants
①Genesfromvirtuallyanyorganism,fromvirusestohumans,cannowbeinsertedintoplants,creatingwhatareknownastransgenicplants.Nowusedinagriculture,thereareapproximately109millionacresoftransgeniccropsgrownworldwide,68percentofwhichareintheUnitedStates.Themostcommontransgeniccropsaresoybeans,corn,cotton,andcanola.Mostoften,theseplantseithercontainagenemakingthemresistanttotheherbicideglyphosateortheycontainaninsect-resistantgenethatproducesaproteincalledBttoxin.
②Onthepositiveside,proponentsoftransgeniccropsarguethatthesecropsareenvironmentallyfriendlybecausetheyallowfarmerstousefewerandlessnoxiouschemicalsforcropproduction.Forexample,a21percentreductionintheuseofinsecticidehasbeenreportedonBtcotton(transgeniccottonthatproducesBttoxin).Inaddition,whenglyphosateisusedtocontrolweeds,othermorepersistentherbicidesdonotneedtobeapplied.
③Onthenegativeside,opponentsoftransgeniccropssuggestthattherearemanyquestionsthatneedtobeansweredbeforetransgeniccropsaregrownonalargescale.OnequestiondealswiththeeffectsthatBtplantshaveonnontargetorganismssuchasbeneficialinsects,worms,andbirdsthatconsumethegeneticallyengineeredcrop.Forexample,monarchcaterpillarsfeedingonmilkweedplantsnearBtcornfieldswilleatsomecornpollenthathasfallenonthemilkweedleaves.LaboratorystudiesindicatethatcaterpillarscandiefromeatingBtpollen.However,fieldtestsindicatethatBtcornisnotlikelytoharmmonarchs.Furthermore,theapplicationofpesticides(thealternativetogrowingBtplants)hasbeendemonstratedtocausewidespreadharmtonontargetinsects.
④Anotherunansweredquestioniswhetherherbicide-resistantgeneswillmoveintothepopulationsofweeds.Cropplantsaresometimesgrowninareaswherewe
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