托福阅读tpo32R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.pdfVIP

托福阅读tpo32R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

原文1

译文4

题目6

答案16

背景知识17

原文

Siam,1851–1910

①Inthelatenineteenthcentury,politicalandsocialchangeswere

occurringrapidlyinSiam(nowThailand).Theoldrulingfamilieswere

beingdisplacedbyanevolvingcentralizedgovernment.Thesefamilies

werepensionedoff(givenasumofmoneytoliveon)orsimplyhadtheir

revenuestakenawayorrestricted;theirsonswereenticedawayto

schoolsfordistrictofficers,latertobepostedinsomefarawayprovince;

andtheoldpatron-clientrelationsthathadboundtogetherlocal

societiessimplydisintegrated.Localrulerscouldnolongerprotecttheir

relativesandattendantsinlegalcases,andwiththeendingin1905of

thepracticeofforcingpeasantfarmerstoworkpart-timeforlocalrulers,

therulersnolongerhadaregularbaseforrelationswithrural

populations.Theoldlocalrulingfamilies,then,wereseveredfromtheir

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traditionalsocialcontext.

②Thesamesituationviewedfromtheperspectiveoftherural

populationisevenmorecomplex.Accordingtothegovernment’sfirst

censusoftheruralpopulation,takenin1905,therewereaboutthirty

thousandvillagesinSiam.Thiswasprobablyalargeincreaseoverthe

figureeventwoorthreedecadesearlier,duringthelate1800s.Itis

difficulttoimagineitnow,butSiam’sCentralPlaininthelate1800swas

nowherenearasdenselysettledasitistoday.Therewerestillforests

closelysurroundingBangkokintothelastofthenineteenthcentury,and

evenatcentury’sendtherewerewildelephantsandtigersroamingthe

countrysideonlytwentyorthirtymilesaway.

③Muchpopulationmovementinvolvedtheopeningupofnewlandsfor

ricecultivation.Twothingsmadethispossibleandencourageditto

happen.First,theopeningofthekingdomtothefullforceof

internationaltradebytheBoringTreaty(1855)rap