Fuels - e-News Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences燃料-新闻的宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球与矿物科学.ppt

Non-RenewableFuels

EnvironmentalImpact1EGEE102-Pisupati

USEnergyConsumptionbySource(1999)Renewables,8%AllEnergySources96.7QUADSRenewables7.2QUADS2EGEE102-Pisupati

NonRenewableFuelsCoalPetroleumNaturalGasNuclearFission3EGEE102-Pisupati

Coal4EGEE102-Pisupati

WorldCoalConsumptionWorldcoalconsumptionisprojectedtoincreasefrom5.3billiontonsin1997to7.6billiontonsin2020.USannualcoalconsumptionisapproximately1billiontons5EGEE102-Pisupati

CoalReserves(Mmetrictons)Source:/emeu/iea/table82.htmlUS–275.5World-1088.66EGEE102-Pisupati

CoalAnalysesProximateAnalysisUltimateAnalysisCalorificValue7EGEE102-Pisupati

ProximateAnalysisMoistureVolatileMatterAshFixedCarbon(obtainedbydifference)8EGEE102-Pisupati

UltimateAnalysis

(elementalcomposition)Carbon60-96%Hydrogen2-6%Nitrogen1-2%Sulfur0.5-5%Oxygen1-30%9EGEE102-Pisupati

CalorificValue(HeatingValue)HeatingorCalorificValueistheamountofheatreleasedwhenaunitmassoffuelisburned(Btu/lb.orcal/g)CalorificvaluehasimplicationsforpollutionmeasurementssuchasSO2whoseemissionsarecalculatedonalbpermillionBtubasis10EGEE102-Pisupati

CoalRanksThereare4generalranksforcoals:Lignite lowrankSubbituminousBituminousAnthracite Highrank11EGEE102-Pisupati

ReservestoProductionRatio(R/PRatio)World1173GTons/4.33GTons/y =271YearsUSA277GTons/0.99GTons/y =280YearsLifetime(ofaresource)=Reserves AnnualUseNote:Reservesarelikelytoincreaseaswellasdecrease,usageisalsoexpectedtochangeCoal’sFuture12EGEE102-Pisupati

Petroleum13EGEE102-Pisupati

14EGEE102-Pisupati

PetroleumNaturallyoccurringliquidcontainingacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbons(moleculesmadeofCandHatoms)AlsocontainsfewcompoundscontainingN,S,andOatoms15EGEE102-Pisupati

PetroleumCompositionElementRange(wt%)Carbon85-90%Hydrogen9-15%Nitrogen0-0.1%Sulfurppm-4%Oxygenppm16EGEE102-Pisupati

CrudeO