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托福写作-猛犸象阅读和听力文本.doc

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Mammoth

Reading

Around11,000yearsago,attheendofthelastIceAge,themammothelephantsofNorthAmericahaditprettygood.Foodwasplentiful,theherdswerestrong,theclimatewasfavorable.However,somethinghappenedandinashorttime,allthemammothsdisappeared.Whathappened?Thesearethethreemaintheoriesexplainingtheirextinction.

Themostlikelytheoryinvolves“manvs.mammoths.”Around11,000yearsago,thefirsthumans,agroupcalledtheClovisPeople,cameacrossthelandbridgeconnectingAsiaandNorthAmerica.AccordingtoUniversityofArizonascientistPaulMartin,theClovisPeoplewerecleverhunters.Theywereaccompaniedbydogsandwerearmedwithspearswithsharpstonepoints.AccordingtoProfessorMartin,theClovisPeoplehuntedthemammothstoextinction.

Asecondtheoryisthatclimaticchangeskilledoffthemammoths.DuringtheIceAge,humansmayhavefoundtheclimateharsh,butitiswasperfectforwoolymammoths.Theweatherseldomchanged;itwascoldanddampallyearround,andtherewerenoseasons.Littlebylittle,however,theclimategrewwarmer,theglaciersreceded,andthemoistairbecamedrier.Seasonsemerged,plantlifechanged.Grassyplainsbecamedeserts,andthewoolymammothsdiedofstarvation,accordingtothistheory.

Athirdtheory,advancedbyRossMcPheeoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,isthatmammothsweredestroyedbydiseasesbroughtbyhumansfromtheOldWorld.ThemicrobesweredestroyedbydiseasesbroughtbyhumansfromtheOldWorld.Themicrobesmayhavebeencarriedbytheliceintheirhairorbythefleasontheirdogs.Themammothshadnoresistance.Thisplaguemayhavepassedfrommammothtomammothandfromherdtoherd,destroyingthespecies.

Listening

08,26

Listentopartofalectureinageo-scienceclass

Allright,nowwe’regoingtocontinueourdiscussionofextinction,extinctionattheendoftheIceAges.Igaveyouacoupleofarticlestoread

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