英语词汇学第八章课件.pptVIP

*英语词汇学

Chapter8

Meaningandcontext

词义和语境8.1TypesofContext语境的类型Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Thisisknownaslinguisticcontextwhichmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.从狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言语境,可以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationaswell.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.从广义上讲，语境还包括物理环境，这称为非语言语境，包括人物、时间、地点，甚至包括整个文化背景。8.1.1Extra-linguisticContext非语言语境Whenwetalkaboutcontext,weusuallythinkoflinguisticcontext,hardlyawareofthenon-linguisticcontextsituation,whichcanoftenexercisegreaterinfluenceonthemeaningofwordsthanwerealize.当我们谈到语境时，我们通常想到语言语境，很少意识到非语言语境，非语言语境对词义施加的影响比我们想象的要大。8.1.2linguisticcontextLinguisticcontextcanbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.语言语境还可再分为词汇语境和语法语境。LexicalcontextThiscontextreferstothewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisoftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighbouringwords.这种语境是指与讨论中的词一起出现的单词。这个词的意义经常受邻近词的影响，并被其定义。GrammaticalcontextInsomecases,themeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.Thisiswhatwecallgrammaticalcontext.在有些情况下，一个词的意义可能受其所在结构的影响，这便是我们所称的语法语境。8.2TheRoleofContext:语境的作用EliminationofAmbiguity.Ambiguityoftenarisesduetopolysemyandhomonymy.消除歧义。由于词的多义词和同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity.语法结构也会引起歧义。8.2.2IndicationofReferents.限定所指8.2.3ProvisionofCluesforInferringWord-meaning提供推断词义的线索Inmanycases,whenanewword(thoughttobe)appearsforthefirsttime,theauthorgenerallymanagestogivehintswhichmighthelpthereaderstograsptheconceptorunderstandtheidea.在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。C