宏观语用学-言语行为理论.pptxVIP

6.3Macropragmatics宏观语用学

SpeechacttheoryTheCooperativePrinciple(CP)ThepolitenessPrinciple(PP)一.二.三.

Speechacttheory言语行为理论Illocutionaryacts[il?kju:??n?ri]ClassificationofillocutionaryactsIndirectspeechacts

1.Illocutionaryacts(言外行为)[il?kju:??n?ri]Basically,theybelievethatlanguageisnotonlyusedtoinformortodescribethings,itisoftenusedtodothings,toperformacts.ProposedbyDevelopedbyJ.R.Searle

Searle约翰·罗杰斯·希尔勒

Forexample:1Ifyouworkinacompanywherethebosshastheoverwhelmingpower,thenthebossutteranceismorethanjustastatement.2

Youarefired.

Thisutterancecanbeusedtoperformtheactofendingyouremployment.

IherebynamethisshipRedFlag.

ActionsperformedviautterancesarecalledspeechactsandinEnglishtheseactsarecommonlygivenmorespeciallabels,suchasapology,complaint,compliment，invitation,promiseorrequest.Inallthesecasesabove,theutteringoftherelevantwordsitself;withouttheutterancetheactionisnotdone.Thesearecalledperformativesentencesandtheverbsusedarecalledperformativeverbs.

Ipromisetobethereatnineoclock.

Iapologize.

Itisarguedthatevennon-performativesentencesareusetoperformacts.Forinstance:InsayingItssuchafinedaytoday.someonemaybeperformingtheactofsuggestinganouting.

anouting.

Soitisclaimedthatallsentences,inadditiontowhatevertheymean,performspecificactionsordothingsthroughhavingspecificforces.01Austinsuggeststhreebasicsensesinwhichinsayingsomethingoneisdoingsomethingandthreekindsofactsareperformedsimultaneously.02

Threekindsofactions:(1)Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofsaying,theliteralmeaningoftheutterance;(2)Illocutionaryact(言外行为):theextrameaningoftheutteranceproducedonthebasisofitsliteralmeaning;(3)Perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutteranceonthehearer,dependingonspecificcircumstances.

“以言指事”(locution)---说话本身及由此而产生的语义学意义；01“以言行事”(ill