托福阅读历年真题精选5.docxVIP

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托福阅读历年真题精选5

Questions40-50

Pheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignalsbetweenmembersofthe

samespecies.Theyaresecretedtotheoutsideofthebodyandcauseotherindividuals

ofthespeciestohavespecificreactions.Pheromones,whicharesometimescalled

Linesocialhormones,affectagroupofindividualssomewhatlikehormonesdoanindividual

(5)animal.Pheromonesarethepredominantmediumofcommunicationamonginsects

(butrarelythesolemethod).Somespecieshavesimplepheromonesystemsandproduce

onlyafewpheromones,butothersproducemanywithvariousfunctions.Pheromone

systemsarethemostcomplexinsomeoftheso-calledsocialinsects,insectsthatlive

inorganizedgroups.

(10)Chemicalcommunicationdiffersfromthatbysightorsoundinseveralways.

Transmissionisrelativelyslow(thechemicalsignalsareusuallyairborne),butthe

signalcanbepersistent,dependinguponthevolatilityofthechemical,andissometimes

effectiveoveraverylongrange.Localizationofthesignalisgenerallypoorerthan

localizationofasoundorvisualstimulusandisusuallyeffectedbytheanimalsmoving

(15)upwindinresponsetothestimulus.Theabilitytomodulateachemicalsignalislimited,

comparedwithcommunicationbyvisualoracousticmeans,butsomepheromonesmay

conveydifferentmeaningsandconsequentlyresultindifferentbehavioralorphysiological

responses,dependingontheirconcentrationorwhenpresentedincombination.T