2025年托福考试《阅读部分》模拟题.docxVIP

2025年托福考试《阅读部分》模拟题

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阅读文章1

Therelationshipbetweenhumansocietiesandtheirenvironmenthasalwaysbeencomplexanddynamic.Whileearlyhumansettlementswerelargelydeterminedbytheavailabilityofessentialresourceslikewater,fertileland,andfire,theevolutionofcivilizationshasintroducedincreasinglycomplexformsofenvironmentalmodification.Thesemodifications,drivenbyagriculturalexpansion,urbanization,andindustrialization,havehadprofoundandoftenlastingimpactsonecosystemsworldwide.

Oneofthemostsignificanttransformationshasbeenagriculturaldevelopment.Thetransitionfromforagingtofarming,whichbeganapproximately10,000yearsago,fundamentallyalteredlandscapes.Clearinglandforcropsandpastures,irrigationpracticestomanagewaterresources,andtheintroductionofdomesticatedspecieshaveallreshapedecosystems.Forinstance,theconversionofgrasslandsintocroplandsintheNorthernHemispherehasreducedbiodiversityinmanyregions.Additionally,thecultivationofwater-intensivecropsinaridareas,madepossiblethroughlarge-scaleirrigationprojects,hasputconsiderablestrainonlocalwatertablesandriversystems.Theuseoffertilizersandpesticideshasalsoledtochemicalchangesinsoilandwaterways,affectingnon-targetspeciesandpotentiallyhumanhealth.

Urbanizationrepresentsanothermajorforceinenvironmentaltransformation.Thegrowthofcitieshasledtothedestructionofnaturalhabitatstomakewayforbuildings,roads,andinfrastructure.Thisurbansprawloftenconsumeslargeamountsoflandandisolateswildlifepopulations,reducinggeneticdiversity.Furthermore,citiesaresignificantsourcesofpollution.Vehicleemissions,industrialdischarge,andwastegenerationcontributetoairandwaterpollution,whichcanhavedetrimentaleffectsonbothhumanpopulationsandsurroundingecosystems.Theheatislandeffect,whereurbana