新托福真题绿化大师 独家奉献.pdf

新托福真题绿化大师 独家奉献 仅供学习交流之用 QQ 联系热线：1223317581 （24 小时在线） Listening Script for TPO Test 4 Listening Section 1 Lecture 1 Original script from /content.asp?id=711 Proofread and edited by 新托福真题绿化大师 （QQ 1223317581@ ） Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. The class is discussing animal behavior. Professor OK, the next kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might be familiar to you. You may have seen, for example, a bird that’s in the middle of a mating ritual, and…and suddenly it stops and preens. You know, it takes a few moments to straighten its feathers, and then returns to the mating ritual. This kind of behavior, this doing something that seems completely out of place, is what we call a ‘Displacement Activity’. Displacement activities are activities that animals engage in when they have conflicting drives. If we take our example from a minute ago, if the bird is afraid of its mate, it’s conflicted. It wants to mate but it’s also afraid and wants to run away. So, instead, it starts grooming itself. So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the straightening of its feathers, seems to be an irrelevant behavior. So, what do you think another example of a displacement activity might be? Karl How about an animal that, um, instead of fighting its enemy or running away, it attacks a plant or a bush? Professor That’s really good suggestion, Karl. But that’s called ‘redirecting’. The animal is redirecting its behavior to another object, in this case, the plant or the bush. But that’s not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior. The behavior makes sense. It’s appropriate under the circumstances. But what doesn’t make sense is the object the behavior’s directed towards. OK, who else? Carol? Carol I think I read in another class about an experiment where an object that the animal was afraid of was put next to its food – next to the animal’s