中国文化概要 Lecture 3 Chinese Education.docVIP

Lecture Three Chinese Education The very democratic nature of Chinese education--i.e., that it offered a path of upward mobility to anyone who could survive the rigors of study and examinations--was established from the first by Confucius himself. A traditional saying attributed to him states that those who work with their heads will rule, while those who work with their hands will serve. To that end, education thus became a strategy for survival in a country where poverty and hardship had challenged the lives of millions for countless millennia. Six Arts : Rites/rituals( ritual and rules); music (ceremonial music and ritual dances); archery; chariot-riding/ charioteering; history/writing/calligraphy; mathematics/ computation Five Confucian classics: Book of Odes, History, Ritual, Change, and The Spring and Autumn Annals Four Books The Great Learning The Doctrine of the Mean The Confucian Analects The Works of Mencius Private School Thriving in the Spring and Autumn Period Recommendation through Observation in the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220) The Nine Grades of Rank in the Regime System in the Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties Imperial Examination as the Main Form of Education Origin of Imperial Examination in Sui Dynasty Radication in the Tang Dyansty Innovation in Education System Full-Bloom in the Ming Dynasty The provincial and metropolitan examiners tested only eight-legged essays (eight-part essays)and people easily realized that the quality of that sort of essay was the key to achieving a pass. Declination in the Qing Dynasty Confucius Life Confucius and Education 1. I teach everyone without making distinctions. 2. The young are to be respected and feared. How do we know that future generation will not be as good as the present? 3. An official with energy to spare should learn; a scholar with energy to spare should work as an official. You know what you know; you do not know what you do not. That is knowledge.知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。 Knowing (the way) is not