【测试与检测英文课件】Responsesofmeasuringsystemtotypicalexcitations.pptVIP

Both the transfer function and the frequency response function describe the response of a measuring instrument or system to sinusoidal excitation. But the frequency response describes only the transfer characteristics of a system with steady-state input and output. A transient output will reduce gradually to zero, and the system will then reach the steady-state stage. For describing the whole process of the two stages, the transfer function must be employed, and the frequency response is only a special case of the transfer function. The dynamic response of a measuring system can be also obtained through applying other excitations to the system. The most commonly used excitation signals are: unit impulse, unit step, and ramp signals. Unit impulse response For a unit impulse function δ(t), its Fourier transform Δ(jω)=1 and the Laplace transform of δ(t): Δ(s)=L[δ(t)]=1. The output of a measuring instrument with δ(t) as its excitation: Y(s)=H(s)X(s)=H(s)Δ(s)=H(s). Making inverse Laplace transform of Y(s), then h(t) is referred to as the impulse response function or weighting function of a measuring system. The first-order system its impulse response h(t) where time constant. A second-order system (assuming its static sensitivity K=1) The unit impulse does not exist in reality. Often in engineering, an approximation is made by use of a pulse signal with very short time duration for the impulse signal. Example: a shock to a system, if the shock duration is shorter than τ/10, where τ is the system’s time constant, then the shock can be considered as a unit impulse. Step response The unit impulse function The step function is The response of first-order system to a unit step input The related Laplace transform is Fig. 3.22 (b) displays the curve of error em versus time constant τ. Obviously y(t)=0.982 when t=4τ. The difference between the output and the response in steady state is less than 2%. Since the step excitation