【测试与检测英文课件】Typesoffilters.pptVIP

Types of filters Low-pass filters Types of filters RC lower-pass filter Types of filters For simple first-order systems, the attenuation is quite gradual with frequency,6dB/octave. By adding more “stages” (see (a))the sharpness of cutoff may be increased. But the disadvantage: loading effects should be take into account. Types of filters Many electrical filters are active devices based on op-amp technology. Passive filters have very low noise, require no power supplies, and have a wide dynamic range; Active filters are much more adjustable and versatile, can cover very wide frequency ranges, have very high input and very low output impedances, and can be configured for simple switching from low-pass to high-pass and combination for band-pass or band-reject behavior. Types of filters (b) illustrates a “state-variable filter” with electrically adjustable parameters. The state-variable filter provides three simultaneous outputs: a low-pass, a high-pass, and a band-pass: Types of filters Types of filters Types of filters Many methods can be adopted in filter design to raise the filter order. four basic designing methods: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, Cauer or elliptical filters. With the increase in filter order, the transition band become steeper, the attenuation increases, thus the filtering effect strengthened. Theoretically, it is possible to cascade several RC networks to enhance filter order and to accelerate the attenuation. In practice, loading effect between different cascaded stages must be considered. To solve the loading effect, a better way is to use operational amplifiers to construct active filters. Types of filters RC-network is connected to the input terminal of an op-amp. The filter’s cut-off frequency is then : Types of filters Types of filters Types of filters High-pass filters Types of filters Types of filters Multiple-loop negative-feedback network (Double-ladder structure) shows the circuit, where all components are expres