中小尺度气象学4章.PPTVIP

《城市气象学》 §4.1 孤立对流系统 概念：指以个别单体雷暴、小的雷暴单体群以及某些简单的飑线等形式存在的对流系统。 分类：普通单体雷暴、多单体风暴以及超级单体风暴。（Chisholm Renick，1972） 云顶高度10~15公里，直径由约2 ~3公里到8~10公里都有，上升气流最旺盛时可达到每秒30米，普通则在每秒5~15米之间。 伴随的天气现象：阵风、阵雨、小雹、闪电、雷鸣等 Example of Single-cell Life Cycle This is a single cell storm, looking east from about 15 miles. The storm was moving east (into the photo). Some of the anvil cloud has been left behind the storm, but the greater portion of the anvil is blowing off in advance of the storm and is not observable from this perspective. This late May storm in Oklahoma, looking northeast from about 20 miles, occurred with weak to moderate vertical wind shear. It did not produce any severe weather. 2.多单体风暴 多单体风暴是由一些处于不同发展阶段的生命期短暂的对流单体所组成的，这些单体在风暴内排成一列，是具有统一环流的雷暴系统。 内部环流模式 Life cycle - evolution of cells in a multicell cluster A closer view at T = 20 minutes (from in the earlier slide) shows that cell 3 still has the highest top, but precipitation is undercutting the updraft in the lower levels. New echo development is occurring aloft in cells 4 and 5 in the flanking line, with only light rain falling from the dissipating cells 1 and 2 on the northeast side of the storm cluster.  The inset shows what the low-level PPI (plane-position indicator) radar presentation might look like. This storm appears to be unicellular but the several distinct echo tops tell us otherwise. A Real Example of Multicell storm Here is a real storm, with radar superimposed. Observe the physical similarities to the previous slide. This Texas Panhandle storm was non-severe. Looking north-northeast from about 20 miles. Note that the updraft numbering is reversed. 超级单体发生环境 强的不稳定层结 强的云下层平均环境风 强的环境风垂直切变 风向随高度强烈顺转 龙卷是大气中最猛烈的对流风暴。 最强龙卷的最大风速可能界于110－200m/s之间，因为龙卷具有高能量密度，它能在局地使机械能高度集中，龙卷中产生的动能速率为109 kW，因而龙卷的破坏性极大。 （3）龙卷与母体风暴 龙卷是小尺度的强风暴，其动力学机制涉及不同尺度扰动相互作用及复杂的动力和热力学理论。 目前，从龙卷的涡旋加强或其它方面的理论解释是多方面的，有助于指示龙卷发生发展机制，随着大气探测条件和数值模式的完善，龙卷产生的物理问题将有进一步的阐述。 §4.2 带状对流系统 带状对流系统是由对流单体侧向排列而成的中尺度对流系统。 常见的有飑线和中尺度雨带两类